What Are The General Ethnic Makeup Of Alberta
Alberta, the westernmost of Canada's iii Prairie provinces, shares many physical features with its neighbours to the east, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. The Rocky Mountains class the southern portion of Alberta'southward western boundary with British Columbia. Alberta was named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, 4th daughter of Queen Victoria. The province is dwelling house to the country's largest deposits of oil and natural gas.
Alberta, the westernmost of Canada'due south three Prairie provinces, shares many physical features with its neighbours to the eastward, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. The Rocky Mountains form the southern portion of Alberta's western purlieus with British Columbia. Alberta was named later Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, quaternary daughter of Queen Victoria. The province is habitation to the land'south largest deposits of oil and natural gas.
Geography
Alberta is divided past three of Canada's vii physiographic regions. These iii regions are the Cordillera, Interior Plains and Canadian Shield. However, the vast majority of the province falls within the Interior Plains region. The Interior Plains may be farther divided into prairie grassland, parkland and boreal forest. The prairie portion includes most of southern Alberta. This gently rolling grassland is relatively dry and mostly treeless. The parkland region predominates in central Alberta. This area varies from the flatland of old lake bottoms to rolling mural with numerous lakes and depressions. The boreal forest region covers the northern half of the province. Here keen rivers and lakes boss the landscape, draining northward to the Chill Ocean. In Alberta's southwest corner an area of foothill ridges rise to the Rocky Mountains, forming part of Canada's Cordillera region.
The prairie region of southern Alberta includes both short-grass and mixed-grass. These grasses include blue grama and western wheat grass. The parkland regions of central Alberta and the Peace River country are characterized by tall grasses and aspen copse.
The boreal region of northern Alberta includes forests of aspen and white birch in the south, and white spruce, larch and blackness spruce farther north. Balsam fir and jack pine are likewise found in eastern areas. Tall fir and lodgepole pino grow in the west. Alpine fir, white spruce and lodgepole pino dominate the lower elevations of the Rocky Mountains. At higher elevations, scattered stands of black spruce and alpine larch are interspersed with lichens and alpine flowers in alpine meadows.
The small Milk River bowl in southeastern Alberta drains through the Missouri and Mississippi rivers south to the Gulf of United mexican states. The residual of southern Alberta is tuckered by the South and North Saskatchewan river basins due east to Hudson Bay via the Nelson River system. Northern Alberta is dominated by the Athabasca, Hay and Peace river basins. These basins bleed north through the Mackenzie River to the Arctic Body of water. Lake Claire and Lesser Slave Lake are the ii largest lakes entirely inside Alberta. (Run into alsoGeography of Alberta.)
People
Urban Centres
Alberta'due south population in 2016 was 83.v per cent urban — a near reversal since the start census of 1901, when 75 per cent of the population was rural. The trend toward urbanization accelerated during the Second World War and once more increased in the postwar boom years.
The most notable characteristic of urban growth is concentration in the two metropolitan centres, Calgary in southern Alberta and Edmonton in central Alberta. In 1901, 9 per cent of Alberta's population lived in either Edmonton or Calgary. By 1951, 31 per cent of Alberta's population lived in Edmonton or Calgary. Equally of 2016, about 2.2 1000000 people lived in Edmonton or Calgary, or 53 per cent of the province. Edmonton'south surrounding surface area includes almost of cardinal and northern Alberta, and parts of the Peace River region of northeastern British Columbia. Calgary'due south surrounding area includes all of the province south of Ruby-red Deer, plus a portion of southeastern British Columbia.
Alberta'south secondary urban centres take been affected past the metropolitan growth of Edmonton and Calgary. St Albert, Sherwood Park, Leduc, Fort Saskatchewan and Spruce Grove have go satellite communities of Edmonton. While Strathmore, Olds, Cochrane, Chestermere, High River, Airdrie and Canmore accept become satellite communities of Calgary. Lethbridge, Scarlet Deer and Medicine Lid in the due south have been able to preserve their regional importance simply at the expense of smaller communities like Rocky Mount House and Taber. Fort McMurray in the northeast and Grande Prairie in the northwest have escaped the direct metropolitan influences of Edmonton and Calgary, largely due to their relative distance and isolation.
Reserves and Métis Settlements
There are 138 reserves in Alberta. Members of Alberta'south 47 Beginning Nations live in these communities. In improver, 2 Outset Nations — Salt River and Onion Lake Cree — are based in other provinces or territories, but have reserve land in Alberta. In 2019, there were 131,697 registered Indians living in Alberta, 58 per cent of whom lived on reserves. The residuum live in other municipalities. (See alsoReserves in Alberta.)
While historically the Canadian government assigned reserves to First Nations people and not Métis or Inuit, Alberta is the only province in which Métis people were given a commonage land base, known as the Métis Settlements. The largest of the viii settlements in terms of area is Paddle Prairie Metis Settlement.
Labour Forcefulness
Historically, Alberta has had an unemployment rate lower than the national charge per unit, and ofttimes the lowest charge per unit in the country. For example, the province's unemployment charge per unit in 2014 was 4.vii per cent, second only to Saskatchewan. However, because Alberta's economic system is intrinsically tied to oil and gas production, rises and falls in oil prices have a profound event on employment. In 2015, oil prices dropped dramatically, contributing to a ascent in almanac unemployment to 9 per cent in 2016. Historically, such plunges in oil prices are quickly followed by an upwardly swing. Such was the instance, for example, following low oil prices postal service 9/eleven and over again after the 2008 fiscal crunch (run across too Economy). How the province will recover from this most contempo drop remains to be seen.
Language and Ethnicity
The well-nigh commonly cited indigenous origin in Alberta is Canadian, followed by English and German, according to the 2016 Demography. The beginning great wave of clearing dates from 1896–1914, which drew tens of thousands of European settlers speaking a variety of languages and representing many religious groups. Since the 1970s, immigrants from Asia have been arriving in greater numbers.
This shift in immigration is reflected in Alberta's visible minority population. The province has one of the largest such populations in the country, at 23.v per cent (the ii provinces with a higher pct, British Columbia and Ontario, take almost thirty and 29 per cent respectively). Of the visible minority population in Alberta, the largest communities are South Asian, Chinese, Black and Filipino.
Indigenous people business relationship for half dozen.five per cent of Albertans — the fourth largest Indigenous community amid the provinces.
Religion
The majority of Albertans are Christian, with about lx per cent identifying with a Christian denomination in the 2011 census. In the same twelvemonth, the largest not-Christian groups were Muslim (iii per cent of the population), Sikh (one per cent), Buddhist (one per cent) and Hindu (ane per cent). Small-scale religious groups of greater prominence in Alberta than elsewhere in Canada include the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (run across Mormon Church building), Mennonites and Hutterites. In 2011, approximately 32 per cent of the Albertan population did not place any religious affiliation.
History
Indigenous Peoples
In the late 18th century southern Alberta was occupied past Indigenous peoples, including the Blackfoot, Claret, Peigan and Gros Ventre. The Kootenay and other more western groups fabricated regular bison-hunting expeditions into the area, while more southerly groups, like the Crow, came to the region to appoint in warfare and trade. Forth the Due north Saskatchewan River were the Tsuu T'ina (Sarcee), an offshoot of the Beaver who occupied central and northern Alberta. The northern fringes of modern day Alberta were inhabited past the Slavey (Slave Dene).
These Indigenous peoples felt the effects of European civilisation long earlier directly contact occurred. Metal tools and weapons brought by the major European trading groups, including the British Hudson's Bay Company and the Montréal-based North Due west Company, were traded and re-traded for furs westward across the continent to the Prairies, reaching the isolated region of southern Alberta in the mid-18th century; similarly, and too by the mid-1700s, the horse moved n from Spanish United mexican states, and became fully integrated in the hunting culture of the Blackfoot.
Gradually groups shut to Hudson Bay adopted European trade goods into their everyday material culture. Consequently, these groups sought new sources of furs as over-hunting began to decrease the availability of fur to trade with major fur companies. More than than other nations, the Cree and Assiniboine (including the Stoney) acted as become-betweens for the Hudson Bay Company and the isolated Alberta Indigenous groups in the 1700s. They moved up the Northward Saskatchewan River to merchandise, forcing the Sarcee and Blackfoot tribes southward, and the Beaver north. The Chipewyan entered the northeast corner of Alberta, pushing the Beaver back towards the mountains. Past the early 1800s, the Gros Ventre had moved south of the 49th parallel. These shifts were the result of new trade patterns facilitated by European exploration and the westward expansion of Primal Canada's fur companies.
Exploration
The kickoff European known to take reached present-24-hour interval Alberta was Anthony Henday, a Hudson Bay Company employee, who, accompanied past a band of Cree, travelled through the Reddish Deer area and likely spent the latter months of the winter nigh the present site of Edmonton in 1754–55. In 1778, Peter Pond, an employee of the N W Visitor travelled downwardly the Athabasca River and established the kickoff fur trading mail service in the province. Fort Chipewyan, on Lake Athabasca, was founded in 1788 and served as the jumping-off point for Alexander Mackenzie'south celebrated trip down the Mackenzie River in 1789, and his journey up the Peace River and through the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean 4 years afterwards.
The Hudson's Bay Company countered the emerging authorisation of the North West Company in northern Alberta by sending Peter Fidler and David Thompson to explore and map the Athabasca and Northward Saskatchewan rivers in the 1790s and early 1800s. The Hudson Bay Visitor and the Due north West Company built competing posts throughout northern and central Alberta until 1821, when the rival companies merged. Neither company successfully penetrated the southern one-half of the province, which lacked forests and thus valuable beaver furs.
Past the heart of the 19th century, Christian missionaries began to challenge the fur traders for possession of the territory. Methodist Robert Rundle became the first resident cleric in what is now Alberta in 1840. He was followed two years later by the Roman Catholic Male parent Jean-Baptiste Thibault. Missionary activity peaked in the tertiary quarter of the century, and included the piece of work of Catholic Albert Lacombe and the Methodist father-and-son team of George and John McDougall.
Effectually the same fourth dimension in American territory, an expanding northwest fur trade, led past the American Fur Trade Company, became increasingly interested in southern Alberta. In the mid-19th century American 'gratuitous traders' began moving north from the Fort Benton trading mail service in Montana Territory in order to trade with several Indigenous nations, particularly the Blackfoot peoples, for bison hides. By the tardily 1860s, the American marketplace for bison-hide robes profoundly expanded, culminating in a mass influx of free traders across the edge. These traders used 'whiskey,' a mortiferous combination of alcohol, dyes, medicines and poisons, as their master trade item. Death, due to consumption, poisoning, violence, famine and affliction, the furnishings of increasing alcohol dependence and social disintegration brought by the expanding liquor merchandise, plagued the Blackfoot, plunging the region into violence.
Settlement
During the 1850s and 1860s, while the liquor trade was emerging, the British and Canadian governments, realizing that the Hudson Bay Company'south license would exist terminated in 1870, began investigating the agricultural potential of the Northwest. In 1857, an trek headed past British Captain John Palliser, and one led by Henry Youle Hind, explored the Northwest. Their reports were, in part, responsible for the British government refusing to renew the Hudson Bay Company license, as the fur trade was becoming less lucrative and settlement more probable. While Palliser was pessimistic about the potential of the region, the Canadian government, besides every bit land-hungry Canadian expansionists, envisioned an agricultural hinterland in the region. However, the Canadian regime showtime had to obtain the land from the Hudson Bay Company, halt the liquor merchandise, open the region to peaceful settlement and establish transportation infrastructure to tie the region to cardinal Canada.
On 23 June 1870, the Canadian government took possession of the entirety of the Hudson Bay Company's territory, including all of the future province of Alberta. The following year the region betwixt the new Province of Manitoba and the Rocky Mountains was organized as the Northwest Territories of Canada, with its administrative center first at Winnipeg, and so at Battleford and finally at Regina. The Dominion Lands Policy of 1872 created the legal framework to begin settling and cultivating the state.
In 1874, after dozens of reports by missionaries, administrators and explorers highlighting the violence and dangers nowadays in southern Alberta equally a event of the American-dominated bison robe and liquor trade, the Canadian government moved to halt the exchange of liquor, establish law and order, and ensure peaceful settlement. In July 1874,, the N-West Mounted Constabulary, led by George French and James Macleod, marched westward beyond the Prairies to the present-day surface area of Lethbridge. They established their showtime Alberta post at Fort Macleod in 1874. In 1875, the Northward-West Mounted Constabulary established forts at Calgary and in Edmonton. By 1875, the liquor trade had been suppressed and the Canadian regime, with the aid of the N-West Mounted Law, began to prepare for negotiations for land treaties. Treaty No. 6, which covered the Cree lands of central Alberta was signed in 1876. In 1877, Treaty No. 7, covering the Blackfoot, Sarcee and Stoney of southern Alberta, was negotiated; and in 1899, Treaty No. 8 covered most of northern Alberta (see Land Claims).
During the 1870s, only modest settlements, linked to the limited just lucrative market provided by the isolated North-W Mounted Police, emerged. Past 1883, the Canadian Pacific Railway had reached Calgary and was completed in 1885. Settlement was expected to begin in earnest, but from 1885 to 1896 remained irksome. In 1881, simply before the inflow of the railway, only virtually one,000 non-native settlers resided within the boundaries of the present province of Alberta; a decade later, in 1891, that number had grown, but only to 17,500. The arrival of hundreds of thousands of settlers that had been expected in 1885 did not begin until 1896 as a result of the development of fast-maturing varieties of difficult spring wheat, the burnout of skillful available land in the American Due west, the easing of the 22-year economic depression that had gripped North America and the ambitious immigration policy of the federal regime under the management of Minister of the Interior Clifford Sifton.
From 1896 to the outset of the First World State of war in 1914, Alberta and other parts of the Canadian prairies were the beneficiaries of 1 of the most important and dramatic population migrations in mod North American history. Settlers poured onto the open prairie farmlands and into its humming towns and cities. Many came from Ontario and other parts of eastern Canada, others from the United States and Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, and others from continental Europe; the great diverseness of linguistic and religious backgrounds imposed an enduring multicultural stamp on Alberta life. Alberta'south population rose from 73,022 in 1901 to 373,943 in 1911 and 584,454 in 1921.
Development
The creation of the province of Alberta on 1 September 1905 was the logical result of the great immigration smash, and an answer to the political campaign for autonomy that had developed in the Northwest Territories. ( See likewise Alberta and Confederation.) Political controversies at the time of provincehood centred on the rights of the Roman Catholic minority to publicly funded separate schools, the purlieus with the new sister province of Saskatchewan (Albertans sought long. 107°W but had to settle for 110°), and Edmonton's victory over Calgary for the site of the new provincial capital. While these bug left a legacy of bitterness toward perceived federal interference in local matters, none was equally contentious as Ottawa's decision to retain control of crown lands and natural resource. The retentiveness of the crown lands and resource, which had been granted to provincial dominion in the cases of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Isle, Québec, Ontario and British Columbia, was done, according to the federal government, to go along to promote settlement through the Dominion Lands Policy. However, provincially, the retention of crown lands and resources was seen every bit an attempt by the federal government to limit the autonomy of the new Prairie provinces, stimulate the economical strength and authorisation of central Canada, and ensure the West remained an economical hinterland. In 1930, the control of the remaining crown lands and natural resources was granted to the province after a 25-year battle by Albertan premiers. The result was the showtime of western alienation from the federal government, and a potent sense of provincial rights which persist to this day.
Alberta'due south first decade every bit a province was prosperous; immigration accelerated, grain harvests were bountiful, new communities sprang upward and a network of railway lines speedily expanded. Withal resentment grew among farmers, who believed that their status as independent entrepreneurs was beingness jeopardized by the railways, banks and grain-elevator companies. The rise of the United Farmers of Alberta as a political party, and their victory over the Liberals in the 1921 provincial election, was in part a issue of this unrest. On a federal scale, during the 1920s, Alberta supported the Progressive Political party of Canada in their boxing for more populist policies, and a reduction in the national tariff and freight rates that served the interests of fundamental Canadians but not those in the West. Alberta'southward dissenting office against the policies of the federal regime continued.
From 1896 to 1914, the Canadian West experienced unprecedented growth. During the Get-go World War, Alberta played an important role in supplying men, materials and grain to assistance serve the war effort. Notwithstanding, post-obit the state of war, grain prices fluctuated and the once-important coal mining industry declined. The worldwide low of the 1930s, accompanied past prairie drought, soil drifting and grasshopper plagues, accelerated an economic reject that had begun in the post-war years. The Social Credit League won the 1935 provincial ballot by promising to fight the Peachy Depression (and the perceived eastern control of Alberta's economy) with a mixture of religious fundamentalism and radical monetary theory. Withal, Social Credit could not combat the global nature of the Great Depression. In 1939, the globe plunged into war again, and increased employment, whether in the military or wartime industry, helping to alleviate the harsh economic conditions that dominated Alberta in the 1930s.
The discovery of oil at Leduc in Feb 1947 began the process of transforming Alberta's economic base of operations from agriculture to petroleum. The resulting exploitation of oil and natural gas resources produced huge increases in provincial revenue from royalties, brought prosperity to most segments of the population, and transformed the cities of Edmonton and Calgary into prosperous metropolitan centres. The 1973 worldwide oil-pricing crisis brought an even greater prosperity that lasted until the general economic recession of the early on 1980s. Many Albertans felt their economic situation was exacerbated past the National Energy Program introduced at the time. However, the combination of increased oil revenues and radical cuts in public spending by the provincial government in the 1990s led to a huge budget surplus in 1996. Since and so Alberta's economy has steadily expanded equally a upshot of high world prices for oil and natural gas.
Economy
Alberta'southward economy has traditionally been based on master resource exploitation and dependence on external markets, with prices and revenues largely determined by outside economic and political forces. During the belatedly 19th and early on 20th century, for example, several factors perpetuated Alberta'due south reliance on resource-based economic activities, including the thin population, the policies of the federal government (peculiarly the provisions of the Dominion Lands Human activity) and geographical conditions.
In the 18th century, Alberta's economy was based in the bison robe and fur trade, developing in the 19th century into ranching and eventually grain growing. The completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1885 provided market routes for Alberta grain, equally well as aiding the penetration of eastern Canadian manufactured goods. Agriculture remained the dominant economic activity until the discovery of oil in the Leduc field in 1947. Since then, the agriculture industry in Alberta has been surpassed in net product value by the oil and gas industry.
A rapid rise in the world price of oil in the early on 1970s drove the Alberta economy to unprecedented and rapid growth. After a decade of financial smash, driven nearly entirely by profits created through the petroleum manufacture, the nationwide economic recession of 1982–83 hit Alberta hard. Construction slowed, retail sales dropped and unemployment rose from iv per cent to over 10 per cent.
During this time, investment and spending declined, and years of footling or no economic growth were made worse in 1986 when globe oil and grain prices significantly dropped. Despite repeated provincial government promises in the 1970s and 1980s to utilise the enormous royalty revenues generated from oil and gas sales to diversify the economy, it was not until the late 1980s that Alberta diversified into the forestry sector. In the mid-1990s, Alberta's fortunes rose with over again college globe prices for its oil and natural gas. High oil and natural gas prices in the early 2000s farther strengthened Alberta's economy. However, Alberta's economy continues to rely on primary resources extraction and remains subject area to the destabilizing effects of external economic and political fluctuations.
Agronomics
Alberta'due south agronomical industry remains of major importance to the province, the nation and — in grain exports — to the world. In 2014, Alberta's farm greenbacks receipts totalled but under $12.9 billion, ranking information technology second in the land behind Saskatchewan (subcontract greenbacks receipts are Statistics Canada's style of measuring the agriculture sector'southward contribution to the state'southward gross domestic product, on a province-past-province basis). The major crops produced in Alberta, including wheat , canola, barley , flax, oats , rye and durum, accounted for about $v.9 billion in cash receipts, while livestock and related products deemed for about $half-dozen.iv billion.
Around the metropolitan areas of Edmonton and Calgary, and in the corridor between the ii cities, are dairy farms, poultry operations, as well as cattle, hog and sheep ranches. Wheat and small grain farmers are located particularly in the Peace River region, the Edmonton, Camrose and Lloydminster areas, and in a belt from Red Deer southeast to the The states boundary. Mixed enterprises are establish in the crescent sweeping northwest from Lethbridge to Calgary and Cherry-red Deer, then northeast to Camrose and Lloydminster, and in the counties north of Edmonton. The black and brown soils of the mixed-grass prairie and parkland regions provide the environs with the greatest potential for mixed farming. Away from this fertile crescent, specially in the southeast, prevarication the more specialized ranching and wheat operations, which compensate for their marginal soils with larger size. Irrigated farming, centered in Lethbridge, produces saccharide beets, potatoes and vegetables.
Mining
Alberta'south non-fuel mining manufacture focuses primarily on salt, sandstone, limestone, other edifice stones, sand and gravel. The non-fuel mining manufacture also extracts magnetite, peat moss and clay. The province is among the world's largest producers of elemental sulphur from hydrocarbon sources. Small-scale amounts of gold are mined, and the province possesses deposits of depression-form fe ore and uranium in the Lake Athabasca region, which have yet to exist fully developed.
Alberta'south fuel mining industry includes the extraction of coal, crude oil and natural gas, and makes up the core of Alberta's economy (for data on oil and natural gas, run into section below). Coal formed the ground of Alberta'south start mining endeavours, in the Lethbridge region in 1872. By the Start World War, coal mining was a major economical action in the Lethbridge, Crowsnest Pass and Drumheller areas. Following an initial pass up in the 1920s, and a drastic loss of domestic consumers in the 1950s, Alberta'due south coal industry reached its lowest point in the early 1960s. Since then an increase in the domestic market, plus the negotiation of long-term leases to supply the Japanese steel industry and new technologies for coal-liquefaction have pumped new life into the industry. Alberta's coal is low in sulphur and burns relatively cleanly, making it a popular source for electricity production.
Oil and Natural Gas
Canada is dwelling house to the third-largest oil reserve in the earth, with over half of the state's total production of oil coming from Alberta's oil sands. These sands encompass about 140,000 km two in three areas of province — the Athabasca, Peace River and Cold Lake regions. These Albertan reserves represent the 3rd largest oil deposit in the world, following Saudi arabia and Venezuela.
The oil industry in Alberta began with the discovery of the Turner Valley field in 1914. However, apart from a cursory flurry of action in the belatedly 1930s, the manufacture remained modest until the discovery of the Leduc field in 1947, followed by the opening of the Woodbend, Redwater and Pembina fields. Following the opening of the first commercial oil sands operation in 1967, industry growth was exponential. That year, Alberta produced about 36.7 million cubic metres of crude oil. Ten years later, product had grown by nearly 65 per cent to 60.5 million cubic metres. Since these acme years in the 1970s, oil production has been slowly failing. In 2014, Alberta produced just nether 34.two meg cubic metres of crude oil.
The natural gas industry is older than Alberta'due south oil industry, dating from 1883 discoveries near Medicine Hat . Product increased steadily in the latter half of the 20 th century, rising from an almanac average of 71.7 meg cubic metres in the 1970s to 139.4 million in the 1990s. In 2014, Alberta generated 121.3 million cubic metres of natural gas, accounting for 68 per cent of Canada's total product of natural gas. ( Encounter likewise Fracking.)
The petroleum industry has long brought prosperity to Alberta, giving it one of the highest per capita GDPs in the country and some of the lowest taxes and unemployment rates. However, disputes over petroleum pricing and export levels have led to heated debates between Alberta and the federal authorities, and accept fuelled strong provincial-rights and even quasi-separatist political movements. The most serious dispute regarding provincial rights and the resources manufacture occurred in the 1980s with Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau'due south National Energy Plan (NEP), which express Alberta from charging other provinces world prices for their oil. The NEP crunch furthered Alberta's sense of breach from the federal government. Past the mid-1990s, following the elimination of the NEP (and a recovery in oil prices) most disputes were resolved and Alberta'south energy sector enjoyed higher world prices for its products; even so, Albertans remain antagonistic to any federal interference in resource-based industries.
Forestry
Forests cover 38 million hectares in Alberta, or virtually 60 per cent of the province. The Alberta government has, since the late 1980s, aggressively promoted this sector of the economy. While the province's neighbour, British Columbia, harvests the majority of woods in Canada, Alberta also makes a significant contribution. In 2013, for example, Alberta harvested 22.eight million cubic metres of wood, or near 15 per cent of the country's full. Pulp and paper mills are located in the Edmonton and Calgary regions. ( See also Not for Saps: Tree Planting in Alberta.)
Fisheries
Only about 2.5 per cent of Alberta is covered in freshwater, significant its commercial fishing industry is relatively pocket-size when compared to other provinces. For example, in terms of Canada'due south wild commercial fisheries (as opposed to farmed), Alberta accounts for less than 1 per cent of the land's full fish landings, both in book and value. The fish that is defenseless is namely whitefish, expressway, trout and walleye.
Finance
The expansion of the petroleum manufacture after the Second Globe State of war, peculiarly during the 1970s, produced a westward shift of financial power within Canada, with Alberta, every bit the heart of the expanding petroleum manufacture, benefitting and growing most substantially. In the 1970s, Calgary consolidated its position as a major provincial financial centre and emerged as a contending national centre. In 1978, the Calgary-based Alberta Stock Commutation (ASE) had nearly 400 companies listed. By 1998, this number had grown to over 1,000 companies. Most companies were small oil and gas companies, but the ASE also diversified into biotechnology. Dollar volumes traded on the exchange grew from $95 million to $1.eight billion during the same menstruation. The Alberta Stock Exchange and Vancouver Stock Exchange merged in 1999 to create the Canadian Venture Substitution, which was somewhen caused past the Toronto Stock Substitution in 2001 every bit a junior equities exchange.
Transportation
While river transportation provided the communication network for the fur trade in the 18th and early 19th century, it was rail transportation that opened Alberta to extensive settlement in the late 1800s, and tied the region'due south economy to central Canada. Southern Alberta is served past the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), and central and northern Alberta by the Canadian National Railway (CNR) and its numerous subsidiaries. These routes are considered important to the province's economic well-being. The loss of co-operative lines has resulted in the abandonment of numerous rural communities across Alberta and the gradual elimination of old grain elevators that used to distinguish the prairie landscape.
The importance of Alberta'southward highways to the motion of both people and goods has increased since the stop of the 2d World War . The most heavily travelled route is the multi-lane Highway ii betwixt Edmonton and Calgary. Important interprovincial routes include Highway i, the Trans-Canada Highway (through Medicine Hat, Calgary and Banff), Highway 16, the Yellowhead Highway (through Lloydminster , Edmonton and Jasper), the Mackenzie Highway running north from the Peace River country to the Northwest Territories and Highway 3, which connects Medicine Hat to Lethbridge and the Crowsnest Laissez passer.
Calgary is the headquarters of Greyhound Canada Transportation Co, the largest intercity jitney system in Canada, and Carmine Arrow, an Alberta company, which has service between Fort McMurray, Edmonton, Cherry-red Deer and Calgary. Motorcoach routes in Alberta run along the major highway systems.
Alberta is home to ii international airports, located in Calgary and Edmonton. Regular passenger service to other parts of the country and abroad is provided from these airports, while local provincial air service is provided from smaller municipal airports in the province.
Industry
Manufacturing in Alberta is closely tied to the ascendant resources industries of the province, with petroleum refining, metallic fabrication, wood products and construction materials beingness important components of secondary industry. During the 1970s the most rapidly expanding manufacturing expanse was the petrochemical industry, which quickly became the master secondary manufacture in the province.
Construction has traditionally followed the prosperity of the petroleum manufacture. For instance, construction boomed in the 1970s, equally oil production expanded quickly, particularly in Edmonton and Calgary; however, the recessions of the mid-1980s and early on 1990s stalled new edifice projects. However, tied to growth in petroleum product, structure increased chop-chop again in the early on 2000s.
Tourism is also a major contributor to the Alberta economy. The spectacular scenery and year-round recreational facilities of the Rocky Mountain parks — particularly Banff , Jasper and Waterton national parks — depict hundreds of thousands of tourists annually from all over the world. In addition to the parks, many local attractions are likewise large draws, peculiarly the Calgary Stampede, a spectacular outdoor rodeo, carnival and musical festival held annually in July. Additionally, Alberta occasionally hosts special events such as the Commonwealth Games and the World University Games , which were hosted in Edmonton in 1978 and 1983 respectively, and the Winter Olympics, which were held in Calgary in 1988. These special events draw thousands of visitors, millions of dollars in revenue, and have resulted in infrastructure such every bit the Calgary Olympic Park, which continues to draw tourists.
Government and Politics
Legislative ability is vested in an 87-member, unmarried-sleeping accommodation, elected legislative associates too as a lieutenant-governor, appointed past the governor general on the communication of the prime minister and who acts as the Crown'southward representative. However, as in other provinces, the traditional powers of the lieutenant-governor have in practice lapsed and he or she now serves primarily a ceremonial part. Executive power is exercised by a Chiffonier of ministers selected past the premier, the leader of the political party commanding a majority in the legislative associates. Each minister presides over one or more departments of government, known as ministries. (Encounter also Alberta Lieutenant-Governors; Alberta Premiers.)
Early twenty th Century: Liberals and the United Farmers of Alberta
Historically, Alberta provincial politics has been characterized by governing parties commanding huge majorities in the legislature, remaining in power for lengthy periods and then being decisively beaten by a new political strength. This pattern was established by the Liberals under Alberta's beginning premier, Alexander C. Rutherford (1905–10), who, in the kickoff provincial election in 1905, took 22 of 25 seats and 58 per cent of the popular vote. Similar Liberal victories were recorded in 1909, 1913 and 1917 under Rutherford and his successors, Arthur L. Sifton (1910–17) and Charles Stewart (1917–21). The United Farmers of Alberta (UFA), led by Herbert Greenfield (1921–25), swept to power in the 1921 provincial election with 38 (all rural) of 61 seats, despite gaining merely 29 per cent of the pop vote; the UFA was propelled into power past the by agrestal unrest and the postal service- First Earth War rising of progressivism and populism. Under Greenfield's successors, John Brownlee (1925–34) and Richard Reid (1934–35), the UFA connected their hold on power through large majorities in the legislature in the 1926 and 1930 elections. However, as a result of the charismatic campaign led by William Aberhart, the leader of the new Social Credit League, and the economical problems plaguing the province every bit a outcome of the Not bad Depression, in the 1935 election the Social Credit League took 56 of 63 seats with 54 per cent of the pop vote.
Great Depression to Belatedly 1980s: Social Credit League and PC Reign
Under Aberhart (1935–43) and his successors — Ernest Manning (1943–68) and Harry Strom (1968–71) — Social Credit governed for 36 years. However, they were swept aside by the victory of Peter Lougheed (1971–85) and the Progressive Conservatives (PCs) in 1971, who won 49 of 75 seats and 46 per cent of the popular vote. Lougheed and the PCs crushed all opposition in the 1975, 1979 and 1982 elections. In 1986, the first large challenge to PC power emerged from a resurgence in leftist opposition headed by the New Autonomous Political party and, to a lesser degree, the Liberal Political party. In the 1986 election, under PC leader Don Getty (1985–92), support for the PC's dropped to 51 per cent and the PCs only held onto 61 of 83 seats. In 1989, Getty's PCs won some other majority despite the continued drop in their popular vote.
Late 1990s to Early 2000s: Ralph Klein
The 1993 provincial ballot produced a showdown between ii of Alberta's popular big metropolis mayors, onetime Calgary mayor Ralph Klein, who succeeded Getty as PC leader, and Laurence Decore, old Edmonton mayor and new leader of a resurgent Liberal Party, who waged a campaign on fiscal responsibility and deficit reduction. Klein (1992–2006) and the PCs emerged with a 51-seat-to-32-seat majority on the strength of a dissever in the vote between the Bourgeois rural south and the Liberal urban north. The 1997 and 2001 elections returned the PCs to stronger majorities and an increment in their popular vote.
The revival of the Conservatives was facilitated by Klein'due south popularity and his fiscal policies. Klein made dramatic moves to reduce the function of government by privatizing the sale of liquor distribution and motor vehicle, birth, death and union registration. His policy of deficit reduction, and eventual emptying of the provincial debt, through desperate cuts to public services and increased revenue from natural resource, preserved his popularity amid a majority of the voters. Klein's disagreements with the federal Liberals on health care issues — and the more traditional points of conflict, i.e., taxation, natural resources and confederation — continued the Albertan traditional attitude of western alienation that dated back to the United Farmers of the 1920s.
2006 to 2014: Stelmach, Redford and the Wildrose Alliance
In 2006, Klein resigned from politics, and was replaced past Ed Stelmach (2006–11). In the 2008 ballot, Stelmach, whose popularity every bit the head of the PCs had been weak, led the party to a stunning majority, winning 72 of 83 seats. During his term, Stelmach connected some of the cuts in spending that had made Klein popular. However, Stelmach's leadership was challenged internally past his cabinet, and externally by the ascent of the more conservative Wildrose Alliance Party, led past Danielle Smith. In 2011, Stelmach resigned equally premier and head of the Progressive Conservatives.
Stelmach was replaced by his justice minister, Alison Redford. Redford became Alberta's first female premier, and as a result of the 2012 election, Alberta's first elected female premier. Notwithstanding, the 2012 ballot saw a further rise in the popularity of the Wildrose Brotherhood Political party: the Progressive Conservatives lost v seats and their popular vote was reduced to 44 per cent; while the Wildrose Alliance Party gained 17 seats and increased their popular vote to 34 per cent. The Wildrose Alliance Party presents the most significant threat to the PC's hold on ability since the NDP/Liberal challenge to Getty in the 1980s.
In the years following the 2012 election, Redford and the Progressive Bourgeois Party suffered a further driblet in the polls. Several expense scandals, including a $45,000 trip to South Africa for Nelson Mandela's funeral and the apply of government planes for family trips, acquired many to telephone call the premier'due south ethics into question. With little support from caucus and the threat of a non-confidence vote, Redford resigned on 19 March 2014. She left with a personal approval rating of only 18 per cent, and political party back up at 19 per cent. Past comparing, support for the Wildrose Party was 46 per cent.
2014 to 2015: The Rise of the NDP
Deputy Premier Dave Hancock served as interim premier until Jim Prentice — a one-time federal cabinet minister — was elected leader by PC party members. He was sworn in as premier on xv September 2014. Prentice, along with his appointees for the ministries of health and education, did not hold a legislative seat when he was sworn into office. However, on 27 October 2014, Prentice and his Cabinet ministers became elected officials in a past-election.
In the spring of 2015, Prentice called an ballot — one year before than the provincially legislated fixed engagement. In doing so, he sought the electorate's back up for a upkeep released effectually the aforementioned time. Drafted in the face of plummeting oil prices, the PC budget projected a multi-billion-dollar deficit and proposed increases to certain provincial taxes.
Despite having elected a PC bulk government since 1971, on 5 May 2015, Albertans voted in NDP leader Rachel Notley, ending the province's 44-year Progressive Conservative dynasty. In what many viewed as a remarkable shift in a traditionally bourgeois province, the NDP won a majority government with 53 seats and about 41 per cent of the pop vote. The PCs were reduced to third-party condition with just ten seats, while the Wildrose Party formed the official opposition with 21 seats. By comparison, prior to the ballot, the PCs held 70 seats and the NDP held 4.
2017 to Present: Kenney and the United Conservative Party
In 2017, the PCs merged with the Wildrose Party to grade the United Conservative Party (UCP), which assumed official opposition status. Jason Kenney, a former federal Cabinet minister nether Stephen Harper, was elected leader of the United Conservatives.
During the province's next full general election, held xvi Apr 2019, Albertans elected a majority UCP government. The NDP, having become Alberta'south ruling party for the first time four years earlier, again made history every bit the province's only one-term government. Reduced from 52 seats to 24, the NDP received nearly 33 per cent of the pop vote compared to the UCP'south 55 per cent and 63 seats. Voter turnout was 71 per cent, the highest Alberta has seen since 1971. The entrada period focused primarily on the province'south ailing economic system, characterized by low oil prices and rising unemployment. The UCP campaigned on a platform that pledged, among other initiatives, to eliminate the provincial carbon tax and climate change action programme, freeze the minimum wage and introduce components of private health care.
Judiciary
The Alberta judiciary system is divided into three courts: the Provincial Court, the Court of Queen's Bench and the Court of Appeal. The Provincial Court, whose judges are appointed by the provincial government, hears the bulk of both civil and criminal cases in the province, and represents the lowest trial court in the province. The Court of Queen's Demote, whose justices are appointed by the federal government, is the highest trial court in the province. The Court of Queen's Bench hears appeals from the Provincial Court, and both civil and the more than serious or complicated criminal cases. The Surrogate Role, a branch of the Court of Queen'south Bench, is further responsible for hearing all matters regarding wills, estates and probate.The Alberta Courtroom of Appeal is the highest provincial court. The justices of the Court of Entreatment are also appointed by the federal authorities, and the court handles appeals from the Provincial Court and the Court of Queen's Demote.
Federal Representation
Alberta has 34 elected seats in the House of Commons.The seats in the House of Commons are based roughly on population, and are subject to redistribution after each decennial census. Furthermore, Alberta has half-dozen seats in the Senate; this number is set constitutionally and is non based on population, only rather, regional representation. The perceived inequalities of the seat distribution and the fact that senators are appointed, not elected, has long been a point of dissent for Albertans. In 1989, the Alberta regime passed the Senatorial Choice Act in order to have more control over their senators and to democratize the Senatorial date arrangement. The Senatorial Selection Human activity allows Albertans to vote for Senate nominees in an ballot. These nominees are and then presented to the prime minister as candidates to replace whatever vacancies. The prime minister is not legally bound to cull from Alberta's elected nominees, but since 1989 Alberta senators have been chosen from this group of elected nominees. Alberta is the only province to take this type of process as role of their Senate selection.
Public Finance
Residents of Alberta pay among the everyman income taxes in Canada and pay no provincial sales taxation. The province depends instead on various fees, rentals and royalties from oil, natural gas, coal and other mineral companies equally major sources of income; this income once deemed for 45 per cent (1981–82) of total government revenue, but past 1992 it had declined to about 20 per cent. As of 2013 the income from non-renewable resources has remained adequately steady with its 1992 level, yet accounting for well-nigh 20 per cent of the provincial income.
Before 1976 all revenue became part of the general budgetary fund used to finance all regime expenditures. Nevertheless, following the energy-pricing crisis of the mid-1970s, revenues increased dramatically and the government was faced with large surpluses. The result was the creation of the Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund (known popularly as the Heritage Fund), into which non-renewable resource revenue is set bated and invested. The Heritage Fund is intended primarily as an investment into Alberta's future. The fund aims to provide financial resources for periods of provincial deficit, to strengthen and diversify the provincial economy by investing in education and enquiry, and to undertake special capital projects such as health care facilities, irrigation and recreation projects, and the development of oil sands technology. In 2002, Albertans, in a provincial survey, indicated the Heritage Fund should remain a top investment priority of the government. The Heritage Fund has get an of import symbol for Albertans of the province's prosperity and secure financial future.
Local Government
Local municipal dominance originates from the provincial authorities and is based on various municipal acts. Municipalities provide local services such as police and fire protection, garbage and sewage disposal, water and other utilities, road maintenance and public transportation, and parks and recreational services. Urban municipalities include cities, towns, villages and summer villages (i.due east., a village primarily inhabited by people during the summer). However, new summer villages can no longer be designated in Alberta. Every bit of 2013 there were 17 cities, 108 towns, 93 villages and 51 already existing summer villages in Alberta.
Rural authority is vested in municipal districts, composed of various townships. Municipal districts are alternatively known every bit counties. Municipal districts have a population of 1,000 or more, and the bulk of properties in a municipal commune must exist on pieces of land of at least ane,850 one thousand2. Within municipal districts, a pocket-size grouping of residential dwellings with a name may exist designated every bit a hamlet.
A second type of rural municipality is the comeback commune — an outlying area which does not elect its ain council simply is directly administered by the provincial authorities through Alberta Municipal Diplomacy or, in the cases of the national parks in the province, by the federal government. The provincial and federal governments are directly responsible for the functions of local regime in improvement districts with the exception of school affairs.
Health
In July 1969 Alberta entered the federal medicare scheme and continues to provide publically-funded universal healthcare. As in other provinces, the funding for Alberta'south healthcare is provided by both the Canadian federal and Alberta provincial governments. The Alberta Ministry of Health is responsible for wellness policy, and Alberta Health Services, a department of the Ministry of Wellness, is responsible for providing health services throughout the province.
Similar other provinces, some privatization of healthcare exists in Alberta; nonessential services, such as optometry, dentistry and cosmetic surgery, are non role of the publically-funded wellness intendance. Prescription medication is only partially covered past government funding. However, despite a trend towards increased privatization that has appeared since the cutbacks initiated by the Klein authorities in the 1990s, in compliance with the Canada Wellness Human activity of 1984, physicians are no longer able to engage in "extra billing" (i.east., charging for a service paid for by the provincial insurance programme) and Albertans continue to support publically-funded healthcare.
Education
The starting time schools in Alberta were founded by Cosmic and Protestant missionaries in the mid-1800s. The North-West Territories Schoolhouse Ordinance of 1884 established a dual organisation of Catholic and Protestant schooling based on the Québec model. Religious groups such as Hutterites, Mennonites and the Christian Reformed Church gained their own educational privileges, either within the framework of public education or through self-supported private schools. However, subsequent Protestant settlement and the determination of territorial political leader F.W.A.M. Haultain saw the gradual weakening of religious duality in education.
Alberta became a province, and therefore became responsible for providing public education, in 1905. The new province established a system based on the Ontario model — one provincial educational system, allowing local provision for the dissenting religious minority, known as dissever schools, but excluding mandatory province-broad split up schools. Ontario likewise provided the initial model for programs of report, grade content and grade structures, a model that lasted until the 1930s. In the 1930s, however, Alberta fabricated a number of innovations in their public education organization and introduced the separate junior high school and a new course, social studies, which combined history, geography and political science. Alberta further altered the administration of rural education, expanded adult teaching and initiated programs for the economic and professional betterment of teachers in the 1930s.
Public teaching in Alberta is a shared responsibility of the provincial government, through the Ministry of Education, and the local public and dissever school boards. As part of the financial cutbacks initiated by the Klein authorities, Alberta led the nation in reducing public expenditures on instruction in 1994.
Mail service-secondary instruction is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Innovation and Advanced Didactics. Provincial grants, which have been cut drastically since the 1990s, partially fund the public post-secondary institutions in the province; the remaining funds needed to operate come from tuition fees and other sources. The province'southward universities — Alberta, Calgary, Lethbridge, Athabasca, MacEwan and Mount Royal — are all public, nondenominational institutions. The Academy of Alberta, the University of Calgary and the Academy of Lethbridge are classified as Comprehensive Academic and Research Institutions, offering undergraduate and graduate programs, equally well as all-encompassing inquiry programs. Athabasca University is too classified as a Comprehensive Bookish and Research Institution but differs equally it is primarily a altitude learning institution. Grant MacEwan University and Mount Regal University are classified every bit Baccalaureate and Applied Studies Institutions, offering some undergraduate degrees, and various practical diplomas and degrees. Other components of the public, post-secondary sector include the major technical institutes, the Northern Alberta Found of Engineering (NAIT) and the Southern Alberta Institute of Applied science (SAIT), located in Edmonton and Calgary respectively. The province likewise has eleven comprehensive customs colleges and ii specialized arts and culture institutions — The Banff Centre and the Alberta College of Art and Design. These colleges offer a diversity of academy transfer, vocational and high school upgrading courses. Amendments in 1995 to the Public Colleges and Technical Institutes Acts let the public colleges and technical institutions to offer applied caste programs, subject to ministerial blessing.
Alberta is likewise abode to a number of independent academic institutions. Ambrose University College, Canadian University College, Concordia University College, The Kings University Higher, St Mary's University College and the Taylor University College and Seminary offer various undergraduate degrees, a few specialized graduate degrees, by and large in the liberal arts and specialized religious training. Additionally, there are 140 licensed individual vocational schools throughout the province.
Cultural Life
Cultural life in Alberta is coloured by a persistent "frontier ethos" that emphasizes economic materialism and rugged individualism. A rich physical landscape, diverse population and periodic governmental, corporate and individual affluence have benefited the cultural sector. The Ministry of Civilization, including the Alberta Foundation for the Arts, Alberta Historical Resources Foundation and the Government Business firm Foundation, is the major provincial governing body for Alberta'south civilization and arts. The primary source of funding for Alberta arts and culture is derived from the Alberta Lottery Fund and federal funding.
Visual Arts
Until the 1960s, visual arts in Alberta were centred in Calgary around the Provincial Institute of Technology and Art (now the Alberta College of Fine art and Design), and dominated by a British-inspired school of landscape painters. W.J. Phillips, H.G. Glyde, W.L. Stevenson and Illingworth Kerr were the most prominent artists to pigment landscapes of the Alberta prairies, foothills and mount countryside. Calgarians Maxwell Bates and Marion Nicoll were prominent Alberta painters and modernist exceptions to the traditional landscape artists.
From the 1960s into the 1980s, the abstract formalist theory of the New York schoolhouse dominated northern Alberta painters such as Douglas Haynes at the University of Alberta. Abstract painters Robert Scott, Terrence Keller and Graham Peacock were amidst the many artists supported past the Edmonton Art Gallery, which too became the national leader in presenting and developing modern metal sculptors such every bit Peter Hyde and Alan Reynolds. The belatedly 1980s saw a re-emergence of figurative painting and sculpture throughout the province and a stiff community of printmakers in both Edmonton and Calgary.
The leading public galleries are the Art Gallery of Alberta in Edmonton and the Glenbow in Calgary, with potent regional support from the Southern Alberta Fine art Gallery in Lethbridge and the Fine art Gallery of Grande Prairie.
Performing Arts
The professional performing arts are centred in Edmonton and Calgary. Edmonton hosts a major summer folk festival (Edmonton Folk Fest), and the critically-acclaimed Edmonton International Jazz Festival. The Edmonton Symphony Orchestra and the Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra dominate orchestral music in the province and at that place are iii opera companies in Alberta, the Edmonton Opera Association, the Calgary Opera Association and the Alberta Opera Touring Association, which specifically develops and performs opera for children. There is one ballet company in Alberta, the Alberta Ballet Company, with headquarters in Calgary.
Large professional theatre companies include the Citadel Theatre in Edmonton and Theatre Calgary. Besides, Edmonton annually plays host to the International Fringe Theatre Festival, a calendar week-long summertime festival of new and former plays at open-air venues and traditional playhouse settings. Many Alberta playwrights (including nationally-acclaimed John Murrell and Sharon Pollock) have worked with Alberta Theatre Projects, a Calgary company that has encouraged local writers and indigenous themes. Each summer Edmonton also hosts The Works Arts and Design Festival, which is the national pioneer of visual arts festivals.
Major facilities for the performing arts include the twin Jubilee auditoriums in Edmonton and Calgary (built for the 50th ceremony of provincehood in 1955), Edmonton's Citadel Theatre, the Timms Center for the Arts (1995), the Winspear Centre (1996) and the EPCOR Eye for the Performing Arts in Calgary (1985). The Banff Centre Schoolhouse for Continuing Education has emerged as a nationally- and internationally-renowned training eye for young professionals in the performing arts.
Literary Arts
A number of commercially-successful and critically-acclaimed writers of both fiction and nonfiction come from Alberta, including novelists Robert Kroetsch, W.O. Mitchell and Rudy Wiebe. Nonfiction writing is dominated by pop and bookish regional historians, including Grant Macewan, James Gray, Hugh Dempsey, James MacGregor and A.W. Cashman.
Communications
Alberta is domicile to viii major daily newspapers. The Calgary Herald is the largest, followed by the Edmonton Journal. The Edmonton Sun, Calgary Sun, Lethbridge Herald, Ruby Deer Advocate, Medicine Hat News and the Grande Prairie Daily Herald-Tribune are the other major daily newspapers in the province. All of Alberta's newspapers are function of major Canadian newspaper chains. The Alberta Weekly Newspapers Association has 118 weekly community newspapers serving metropolitan, suburban and rural areas of Alberta and the Northwest Territories.
Historic Sites
Alberta is abode to a network of xix provincially-operated historic sites, interpretive centres and museums, covering a wide range of human and natural history. Additionally, in that location are over 200 customs-run museums and over thirty local athenaeum. The lotteries-funded Alberta Historical Resources Foundation assists local groups in heritage building preservation, historical markers, enquiry and publishing efforts.
The major museums are the Glenbow in Calgary, the Provincial Museum of Alberta in Edmonton, the Majestic Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology at Drumheller and the Galt Museum in Lethbridge. Other major heritage attractions include the Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump World Heritage Site near Fort Macleod, the Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village east of Edmonton, Fort Edmonton Park, Heritage Park in Calgary, Historic Fort Calgary, Historic Fort Macleod, Frank Slide Interpretive Eye and Medalta Potteries in Medicine Chapeau. The major historical archives in the province are the Provincial Archives of Alberta in Edmonton and the Glenbow Archives in Calgary.
Source: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alberta
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